What distinguishes malignant melanoma from other skin cancers?

Malignant melanoma is distinguished from other skin cancers primarily by the appearance of black or dark brown uneven patches on the skin. This characteristic is crucial because it reflects the abnormal proliferation of pigment-producing cells, known as melanocytes, which can lead to invasive cancer growth. The unevenness in coloration and the varied size and shape of these patches are key indicators that healthcare providers look for during examinations, often summarized by the acronym ABCDE (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6 mm, and Evolving changes).

These traits set malignant melanoma apart from other skin cancers. For example, light or pearly nodules are commonly associated with basal cell carcinoma, while scaly red lesions might indicate squamous cell carcinoma. Similarly, small brownish spots are typically benign and can be related to benign conditions such as nevi (moles), rather than indicating malignancy. Understanding these distinctions enables effective screening and timely intervention for malignant melanoma.